'nasogastric tube'

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or ERCP, is a procedure to diagnose and treat problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas. It combines X-ray and the use of an endoscope—a long, flexible, lighted tube. Your healthcare provider guides the scope through your mouth and throat, then down the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). Your healthcare provider can view the inside of these organs and check for problems. Next, he or she will pass a tube through the scope and inject a dye. This highlights the organs on X-ray.

OGD Scopy is oesophago-gastro deuodenoscopy. The term endoscopy refers to a special technique for looking inside part of Body. The Swallowing tube (oesophagus) leads to the stomach which is connected to duodenum, the beginning of small intestine. The oesophagus carries food from the mouth for digestion in stomach and duodenum. OGD Scopy is helpful in evaluation and diagnosis of various problem including difficult or painful swallowing, pain the stomach or abdomen, bleeding, ulcers, tumours. Colonoscopy is a test that allows your doctor to look at the inner lining of your large intestine (rectum and colon). He or she uses a thin, flexible tube called a colonoscope to look at the colon. A colonoscopy helps find ulcers, colon polyps, tumors, and areas of inflammation or bleeding. During a colonoscopy, tissue samples can be collected (biopsy) and abnormal growths can be taken out. Colonoscopy can also be used as a screening test to check for cancer or precancerous growths in the colon or rectum (polyps). Colonoscopy is one of many tests that may be used to screen for colon cancer. Other tests include sigmoidoscopy, stool tests, and computed tomographic colonography. Which screening test you choose depends on your risk, your preference, and your doctor.

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a surgical procedure that involves cutting away a section of the prostate. The prostate is a small gland in the pelvis only found in men. It's located between the penis and bladder and surrounds the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the penis). If the prostate becomes enlarged, it can place pressure on the bladder and urethra. This can cause symptoms such as having difficulty peeing. Why TURP is carried out TURP is often recommended when prostate enlargement causes troublesome symptoms and fails to respond to treatment with medication. Symptoms that may improve after TURP include: problems with starting to pee a weak flow of pee, or stopping and starting having to strain to pee a frequent need to pee waking up frequently during the night to pee a sudden urge to pee being unable to empty your bladder fully How TURP is performed TURP is carried out using a device called a resectoscope, which is a thin metal tube containing a light, camera and loop of wire. This is passed along your urethra until it reaches your prostate, which means no cuts (incisions) need to be made in your skin. The loop of wire is then heated with an electric current and used to cut away the section of your prostate causing your symptoms. A thin tube called a catheter is then inserted into your urethra to pump fluid into the bladder and flush away pieces of the prostate that have been removed. General or spinal anaesthesia is used during the procedure so you don't feel any pain while it's carried out.

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) Kidney stones are formed in the urinary tract due to the crystallization of chemical compounds in the urine. PCNL is a technique used to remove certain stones in the kidney or upper ureter (the tube that drains urine from the kidney to the bladder) that are too large for other forms of stone treatment such as shock wave lithotripsy or ureteroscopy. The Surgery This procedure has been performed on many patients over the last several years and is an accepted standard of care for patients with kidney stones that are large, very firm, or resistant to other forms of stone treatment. As such it has replaced open operations for kidney stones in the vast majority of patients. Typically, the length of the surgery is one to two hours. The surgery is performed by making a small 1 cm incision in the patient’s flank area. A tube is placed through the incision into the kidney under x-ray guidance with the help of a C-Arm. A small telescope is then passed through the tube in order to visualize the stone, break it up and remove it from the body. If necessary a laser or other device called a lithotripter may be used to break up the stone before it can be removed. This procedure has resulted in significantly less post-operative pain, shorter hospital stays, and an earlier return to work and daily activities when compared to open stone surgery. This technique also has a higher success rate for clearing all stones in one setting than other techniques such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), which often require several attempts. Potential Risks and Complications Although this procedure has proven to be very safe, as in any surgical procedure there are risks and potential complications. The safety and complication rates are similar when compared to open surgery. Potential risks include: Bleeding Infection Tissue / Organ Injury Conversion to open surgery Failure to Remove the Stone

If you have an anal fissure that hasn’t healed with self-help measures and medical treatments, we may suggest you a procedure to treat it. An anal fissure is a small tear or ulcer (open sore) in your skin around the opening of your anus. There are several different types of procedures available, including injections with botulinum toxin, removal of the fissure (excision or fissurectomy) and sphincterotomy. We may suggest you have a procedure called a fissurectomy alongside Botox injections. This involves cutting away the damaged skin from around your anal fissure, along with any ‘sentinel’ skin tags (lumps of skin associated with the fissure).

Male circumcision is an operation to remove the foreskin that covers the tip of the penis. The functions of the foreskin include protecting the head of the penis and contributing to sexual sensations. While recent research suggests that circumcision may bring some medical benefits, some doctors believe these are too small to justify surgery. A medical circumcision is a circumcision performed to treat a disease, such as pathological phimosis (lichen sclerosis), recurrent balanitis or recurrent urinary tract infections. A request circumcision is a circumcision performed for non-medical reasons, such as parental preference, religious reasons or to potentially prevent disease at some future time.There are different methods of circumcision. Either local or general anaesthesia should always be used. The procedure involves numbing the area with local anaesthetic creams or injection. A bell-shaped instrument is inserted under the foreskin to separate it from the penis. The foreskin is then removed using scissors or a scalpel. Alternatively, circumcision can be performed as a formal surgical procedure, using dissolving sutures or tissue glue.

Appendicitis means inflammation of the appendix. When the appendix is inflamed it causes pain and makes you feel unwell. What are the benefits of surgery? You will no longer get appendicitis. Surgery should prevent you from having serious complications that appendicitis can cause. Are there any alternatives to surgery? Antibiotics can be used to treat inflammation or an abscess, but only if you are well enough. If an abscess continues or if you become unwell even with antibiotics, you will need an operation. What does the operation involve? An appendicectomy is usually performed under a spinal anaesthetic. The operation usually takes between half an hour and an hour. We will remove the appendix either by using the laparoscopic (keyhole) technique or by an open cut in the abdomen.